In Selenium with Python, functions are often used to encapsulate reusable pieces of code for performing specific actions or checks on web elements. When writing test cases, these functions help in making the code more modular and maintainable. Let's explain the role and concept of using a function in a test case in Selenium with a practical example:
Role of a Function in a Test Case:
Abstraction: Functions abstract complex operations into a single unit, making the test case easier to read and understand.
Reusability: Functions can be reused in multiple test cases, reducing code duplication.
Modularity: Functions make it easy to update or change specific operations without affecting the entire test case.
Readability: Well-named functions make the test case more self-explanatory, contributing to its readability.
Organization: Functions help organize the test case logic and improve code structure.
Concept of Using a Function in a Test Case:
Let's say we have a web application with a login page containing a "Remember Me" checkbox. We want to automate the following test case:
Test Case:
- Open the login page.
- Enter valid credentials.
- Check the "Remember Me" checkbox.
- Click the "Login" button.
- Verify that after login, the "Remember Me" checkbox remains selected . Here's how you can use a function in this test case:
from selenium import webdriver
# Function to check if the "Remember Me" checkbox is selected
def is_checkbox_selected(driver, checkbox_id):
checkbox = driver.find_element_by_id(checkbox_id)
return checkbox.is_selected()
# Function to perform the login operation
def perform_login(driver, username, password, checkbox_id):
driver.get("https://example.com/login") # Replace with the actual login page URL
username_input = driver.find_element_by_id("username")
password_input = driver.find_element_by_id("password")
remember_me_checkbox = driver.find_element_by_id(checkbox_id)
username_input.send_keys(username)
password_input.send_keys(password)
if not remember_me_checkbox.is_selected():
remember_me_checkbox.click()
login_button = driver.find_element_by_id("loginButton")
login_button.click()
# Initialize the WebDriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Test case steps
try:
perform_login(driver, "your_username", "your_password", "rememberMe")
# Check if the "Remember Me" checkbox is still selected
is_selected = is_checkbox_selected(driver, "rememberMe")
if is_selected:
print("Test Passed: The 'Remember Me' checkbox remains selected after login.")
else:
print("Test Failed: The 'Remember Me' checkbox is not selected after login.")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Test Failed: An error occurred: {str(e)}")
# Close the WebDriver
driver.quit()
In this example:
- We define two functions: is_checkbox_selected to check the state of the "Remember Me" checkbox and perform_login to perform the login operation.
- We use the perform_login function to execute the login steps and select the "Remember Me" checkbox.
- After login, we call is_checkbox_selected to check if the checkbox remains selected.
- We wrap the test case logic in a try block and handle any exceptions that may occur during the test.
- The test case result is printed based on the state of the "Remember Me" checkbox after login.
- Using functions in test cases as demonstrated here promotes code reusability, clarity, and maintainability, making it easier to manage and extend your test suite
Another Examples
Python function that takes a Selenium WebDriver instance and the ID of a checkbox as parameters. This function should return a boolean value indicating whether the checkbox is selected or deselected. Demonstrate the use of this function in a test case
Certainly! You can create a Python function that takes a Selenium WebDriver instance and the ID of a checkbox as parameters. This function will return a boolean value indicating whether the checkbox is selected or deselected. Here's a step-by-step example and test case:
Step 1: Set up the Python Environment
Make sure you have the Selenium library installed. You can install it using pip:
pip install selenium
Step 2: Write the Python Function
from selenium import webdriver
def is_checkbox_selected(driver, checkbox_id):
checkbox = driver.find_element_by_id(checkbox_id)
return checkbox.is_selected()
# Step 3: Create a function to demonstrate the use of the 'is_checkbox_selected' function
def test_checkbox_selected_state():
# Initialize the WebDriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to the webpage with the checkbox
driver.get("https://example.com/checkboxpage") # Replace with the actual URL
# Check if the checkbox with the given ID is selected
checkbox_id = "checkbox_id" # Replace with the actual ID of the checkbox
is_selected = is_checkbox_selected(driver, checkbox_id)
# Close the WebDriver
driver.quit()
# Return the result
return is_selected
# Step 4: Demonstrate the use of the function in a test case
if __name__ == "__main__":
result = test_checkbox_selected_state()
if result:
print("The checkbox is selected.")
else:
print("The checkbox is deselected.")
Step 5: Expected Output
The is_checkbox_selected function takes a WebDriver instance and a checkbox ID as parameters. It locates the checkbox, checks its selected state, and returns a boolean value. The test_checkbox_selected_state function demonstrates the use of this function by initializing a WebDriver, navigating to a webpage, and checking the selected state of a specific checkbox. The result is then printed.
The expected output will be one of the following:
If the checkbox is selected:
The checkbox is selected.
If the checkbox is deselected:
The checkbox is deselected.
Make sure to replace the URL and checkbox ID with the actual values from the webpage you are testing. This example demonstrates how to use a Python function to check the selected or deselected state of a checkbox and return the result.
.Certainly! You can create a Python function that takes a Selenium WebDriver instance and the ID of a checkbox as parameters. This function will return a boolean value indicating whether the checkbox is selected or deselected. Here's a step-by-step example and test case:
Step 1: Set up the Python Environment
Make sure you have the Selenium library installed. You can install it using pip:
pip install selenium
Step 2: Write the Python Function
from selenium import webdriver
def is_checkbox_selected(driver, checkbox_id):
checkbox = driver.find_element_by_id(checkbox_id)
return checkbox.is_selected()
# Step 3: Create a function to demonstrate the use of the 'is_checkbox_selected' function
def test_checkbox_selected_state():
# Initialize the WebDriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to the webpage with the checkbox
driver.get("https://example.com/checkboxpage") # Replace with the actual URL
# Check if the checkbox with the given ID is selected
checkbox_id = "checkbox_id" # Replace with the actual ID of the checkbox
is_selected = is_checkbox_selected(driver, checkbox_id)
# Close the WebDriver
driver.quit()
# Return the result
return is_selected
# Step 4: Demonstrate the use of the function in a test case
if __name__ == "__main__":
result = test_checkbox_selected_state()
if result:
print("The checkbox is selected.")
else:
print("The checkbox is deselected.")
Step 5: Expected Output
The is_checkbox_selected function takes a WebDriver instance and a checkbox ID as parameters. It locates the checkbox, checks its selected state, and returns a boolean value. The test_checkbox_selected_state function demonstrates the use of this function by initializing a WebDriver, navigating to a webpage, and checking the selected state of a specific checkbox. The result is then printed.
The expected output will be one of the following:
If the checkbox is selected:
The checkbox is selected.
If the checkbox is deselected:
The checkbox is deselected.
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Another Example
Selenium’s Python Module is built to perform automated testing with Python. Selenium Python bindings provides a simple API to write functional/acceptance tests using Selenium WebDriver. Through Selenium Python API you can access all functionalities of Selenium WebDriver in an intuitive way. This article illustrates about how to use Selenium Python to write automated tests using Python Selenium.
If you have not installed Selenium and its components yet, install them from here – Selenium Python Introduction and Installation. The selenium package itself doesn’t provide a testing tool/framework. One can write test cases using Python’s unittest module. The other options for a tool/framework are py.test and nose.
How to write tests using Selenium in Python
We have used unittest framework of Python to write tests. Let’s test search functionality at Python.org using Python selenium tests. To know more about unittest, visit – unittest Documentation. Explanation for each line is given in code itself.
# import all required frameworks
import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
# inherit TestCase Class and create a new test class
class PythonOrgSearch(unittest.TestCase):
# initialization of webdriver
def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Firefox()
# Test case method. It should always start with test_
def test_search_in_python_org(self):
# get driver
driver = self.driver
# get python.org using selenium
driver.get("http://www.python.org")
# assertion to confirm if title has python keyword in it
self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)
# locate element using name
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")
# send data
elem.send_keys("pycon")
# receive data
elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
assert "No results found." not in driver.page_source
# cleanup method called after every test performed
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.close()
# execute the script
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
Output –
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Another Example
import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
class ChromeSearch(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Chrome('./chromedriver')
def test_search_in_python_org(self):
driver = self.driver
driver.get("https://www.python.org")
self.assertIn("Python", driver.title)
elem = driver.find_element_by_name("q")
elem.send_keys("getting started with python")
elem.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
assert "https://www.python.org/search/?q=getting+started+with+python&submit=" == driver.current_url
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
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